Fenugreek - Scientific Review on Usage, Dosage, Side Effects. Source and Composition. Sources. Fenugreek seeds and extract comes from the plant Trigonella foenum- graecum L and has been used historically for various uses such as antispasmodic, appetite stimulant, high cholesterol, wounds, blood cleanser, and expectorant effects. Composition. Trigonella foenum- graecum seeds (Fenugreek seeds; the main active component of this plant) tend to contain: Trigonelline, a betaine molecule also found in high levels in alfalfa and coffee. Standardizations. A standardized hydroalcoholic extract of Fenugeek to isolated the bioactive Trigonelline is known as SFSE- T. Drug Drug Interactions. Klacid LA 500mg Modified Release Tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) by BGP Products Ireland Limited. Again, methodological constraints limit making completely. Results Effects of Cirrhosis on Drug Metabolism. PK and Pharmacodynamic Changes. As summarised by Delco et al., Verbeeck and others who have studied the disposition. CYP3A4 is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases that catalyze many reactions involved in. Fenugreek (3. 00mg/kg of the seed powder for eight days with the final dose an hour before testing) has failed to significantly interact with CYP3. A4 as assessed by a carbamazepine tracer test. Mechanisms. An ethanolic extract of fenugreek seeds appears to inhibit monoamine oxidase A (MAO- A) with an IC5. This may be related to the trigenolline content in part although there may be a more potent molecule able to inhibit MAO- A in the ethanolic extract. Cholinergic Neurotransmission. An in vitro study using crude fenugreek extract noted acetylcholinesterase inhibitory properties. Serotonergic Neurotransmission. An ethanolic extract of fenugreek has failed to show affinity to the serotonin transporter (SERT) at concentrations up to 1. L, suggesting no potential usage as an SSRI. Appetite. A study in rats using 4. Fenugreek suggests an increase in appetite. At least one study has noted a preferential switch of appetite away from dietary fatty acids. Analgesia. Injections of fenugreek (5. Absorption. In the intestines, the fiber component of fenugreek seeds can suppress uptake of cholesterol and bile acids. Absorption. Fenugreek as a whole can attenuate the absorption of carbohydrates by acting as an alpha- amylase and maltase inhibitor (starch and maltose digestive enzymes, respectively). Mechanisms. It has been noted that the steroidal saponins per se do not possess significant influence on glucose metabolism. Pancreas. A protective effect on pancreatic beta- cells has been noted with fenugreek seed ingestion in diabetic rats. Interventions. In streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats, 1,5. Interventions. One study using fenugreek at 2,5. Type II diabetes and a reduction in blood lipid parameters (cholesterol and triglycerides) in persons with both Coronary Artery Disease and diabetes. Skeletal Muscle. When administered at 9. Creatine monohydrate, fenugreek+creatine appears to be as effective at increasing lean body mass and strength over 8 weeks as creatine alongside 7. Glycogen. A review. Testosterone. In rats, oral intake of 1. Fenugreek furostanols for 4 weeks has caused an increase in the weight of the levator ani muscle (thought to be indicative of anabolic actions in males) with no significant influence on circulating testosterone levels. Possible androgenic effects independent of testosterone, although no evidence exists to support the notion that this is at all a powerful androgenic effect (if it is replicated)Fenugreek has once been shown at 5. Testofen) to increase serum testosterone over a period of 8 weeks in resistance trained males relative to placebo (experiencing a decline in testosterone relative to baseline). Thyroid Hormones. In rats given exogenous thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) in order to induce high blood sugar, 2. Fenugreek was able to suppress the rise in blood glucose and the rise of thyroid hormones; the potency of which being comparable to 5. Allium sativum and 1. Species differences between mouse, rat, dog, monkey and human CYP-mediated drug metabolism, inhibition and induction. CYP1A2 is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in. Learn about Prevpac (Lansoprazole, Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin) may treat, uses, dosage, side effects, drug interactions, warnings, patient labeling, reviews, and. Medscape - Indication-specific dosing for Procardia, Procardia XL (nifedipine), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications. PDR Drug Summaries are concise point-of-care prescribing, dosing and administering information to help phsyicans more efficiently and accurately prescribe in their. FORSKOLIN: Does it really work? Are you searching for the most complete, up-to-date, and accurate review on this latest weight-loss supplement miracle? Liver. Fenugreek has been noted to protect against oxidative liver pathology at 5% of male rat feed against Aluminum Chloride toxicity. One study, comparing Fenugreek to Silymarin, suggest the potency is not remarkable either. Eyes. An alcoholic extract of fenugreek seeds at 2,0. Pterocarpus marsupium bark at 1,0. Testes. At least one study in diabetic rats has noted that ingestion of Fenugreek saponins was associated with preservation of steroidal synthesis enzymes in the testes of rats (HMG- Co. A redutase, 3. Libido. Fenugreek may also enhance male libido when ingested at 6. Testofen brand name, 5. Fenusides) in two divided doses for 6 weeks. Lactation. Fenugreek is a commonly recommended herb for increasing milk production in pregnant women. Pregnancy. Fenugreek, at dosages of 8. Breast Enhancement. Fenugreek is sometimes used as a breast enhancing substance. Menopause. Fenugreek has traditionally (and currently via non- medical associations) been recommended as a treatment for menopause with regard to lessening vaginal dryness. Parkinsons. A single oral dose of 1. SFSE- T given to rats prior to 6- Hydroxydopamine toxicity (damages a similar area of the brain observed to be damaged in Parkinson's and thus is an animal model of research) and MPTP neurotoxicity noted that pretreatment of 3. SFSE- T followed neurotoxicity. Fish Oil. Fish oil appears to increase the efficacy of fenugreek in reducing post- prandial blood sugar spikes, as a mixture (5%) of half fish oil and half fenugreek showed a greater attenuation of blood sugar than the same amount (5%) of fenugreek alone. Arcabose. Arcabose is an alpha- glucosidase inhibitor that is used for treatment of diabetes by attentuating the release of glucose into the blood. In 1: 0. 8- 1. 2 weight ratios of Arcabose: Fenugreek Gum (the soluble fiber aspect), fenugreek is able to increase the release of arcabose from being fully absorbed in one hour and delay complete absorption for up to 8 hours, suggesting that fenugreek gum can enhance intestinal half- life. General. An oral dose of 3g/kg bodyweight of ethanol- extract fenugreek failed to show adverse effects in one study, and higher doses were not studied as this was above the most hypoglycemic dosage of 1g/kg. Pregnancy/Motherhood. Fenugreek has been historically used as an abortifacient, or a compound capable of inducing abortions. This dose roughly translates to 1. Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is a condition that results from improper metabolism of branched- chain amino acids. The aromatic in fenugreek, sotolon, may be used as a diagnostic criteria for MSUD as it exists in the urine of those persons with this metabolic defect and gives the characteristic sweet- scent. CYP1. A2 - Wikipedia. CYP1. A2. Identifiers. Aliases. CYP1. A2, CP1. P3- 4. 50, P4. 50(PA), cytochrome P4. A member 2, Cytochrome P4. A2. External IDs. OMIM: 1. 24. 06. 0MGI: 8. Homolo. Gene: 6. 80. Gene. Cards: CYP1. A2. RNA expression pattern. More reference expression data. Orthologs. Species. Human. Mouse. Entrez. Ensembl. Uni. Prot. Ref. Seq (m. RNA)Ref. Seq (protein)Location (UCSC)Chr 1. Mb. Chr 9: 5. 7. 6. Mb. Pub. Med search. The cytochrome P4. CYP1. A2 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and its expression is induced by some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), some of which are found in cigarette smoke. The enzyme's endogenous substrate is unknown; however, it is able to metabolize some PAHs to carcinogenic intermediates. Other xenobiotic substrates for this enzyme include caffeine, aflatoxin B1, and acetaminophen. The transcript from this gene contains four Alu sequences flanked by direct repeats in the 3' untranslated region. It has monoxygenase activity for certain of these fatty acids in that it metabolizes arachidonic acid to 1. HETE) (see 2. 0- Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) but also has epoxygenase activity in that it metabolizes docosahexaenoic acid to epoxides, primarily 1. R,2. 0S- epoxyeicosapentaenoic acid and 1. S,2. 0R- epoxyeicosapentaenoic acid isomers (termed 1. EDP) and similarly metabolizes eicosapentaenoic acid to epoxides, primarily 1. R,1. 8S- eicosatetraenic acid and 1. S,1. 8R- eicosatetraenic acid isomers (termed 1. EEQ). The EDP (see Epoxydocosapentaenoic acid) and EEQ (see epoxyeicosatetraenoic acid) metabolites have a broad range of activities. In various animal models and in vitro studies on animal and human tissues, they decrease hypertension and pain perception; suppress inflammation; inhibit angiogenesis, endothelial cell migration and endothelial cell proliferation; and inhibit the growth and metastasis of human breast and prostate cancer cell lines. CYP1. A2 is not regarded as being a major contributor to forming the cited epoxides. Lower activity of CYP1. A2 in South Asians appears to be due to cooking these vegetables in curries using ingredients such as cumin and turmeric, ingredients known to inhibit the enzyme. Pharmacogenetics. PMID 1. 51. 28. 04. Journal of Experimental Pathology. PMID 3. 68. 14. 87. Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators. PMID 2. 19. 45. 32. Pharmacological Reviews. PMID 2. 52. 44. 93. Progress in Lipid Research. PMC 3. 91. 44. 17 . PMID 2. 43. 45. 64. Journal of Diabetes. PMID 2. 66. 21. 32. Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators. PMC 4. 25. 43. 44 . PMID 2. 52. 40. 26. Journal of Lipid Research. PMC 4. 03. 19. 46 . PMID 2. 46. 34. 50. Oct; 1. 13- 1. 15: 2- 1. Epub 2. 01. 4 Sep 1. Review^Fontana RJ, Lown KS, Paine MF, Fortlage L, Santella RM, Felton JS, Knize MG, Greenberg A, Watkins PB (Jul 1. Gastroenterology. PMID 1. 03. 81. 91. Retrieved 2. 01. 6- 0. Indiana University School of Medicine. Retrieved July 2. Metabolized primarily by CYP3. A4 and, to a lesser degree, by CYP1. A2 and the extrahepatic isoform CYP1. A1 ^Dostalek M, Pistovcakova J, Jurica J, Sulcov. Biomedical Papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palack. PMID 2. 22. 86. 81. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. Retrieved 2. 9 December 2. Food and Drug Administration. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. PMID 1. 47. 49. 69. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. PMC 1. 38. 15. 56 . PMID 8. 48. 50. 24. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. PMID 1. 18. 68. 80. External links. The Oncologist. PMID 1. 68. 80. 23. Smith G, Stubbins MJ, Harries LW, Wolf CR (Dec 1. Xenobiotica. 2. 8 (1. PMID 9. 89. 01. 57. Landi MT, Sinha R, Lang NP, Kadlubar FF (1. IARC Scientific Publications (1. PMID 1. 04. 93. 25. Ikeya K, Jaiswal AK, Owens RA, Jones JE, Nebert DW, Kimura S (Sep 1. Molecular Endocrinology. PMID 2. 57. 52. 18. Butler MA, Iwasaki M, Guengerich FP, Kadlubar FF (Oct 1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. PMC 2. 98. 13. 7 . PMID 2. 81. 33. 53. Quattrochi LC, Okino ST, Pendurthi UR, Tukey RH (Oct 1. PMID 3. 00. 07. 15. Quattrochi LC, Pendurthi UR, Okino ST, Potenza C, Tukey RH (Sep 1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. PMC 3. 86. 58. 3 . PMID 3. 46. 27. 22. Wrighton SA, Campanile C, Thomas PE, Maines SL, Watkins PB, Parker G, Mendez- Picon G, Haniu M, Shively JE, Levin W (Apr 1. Molecular Pharmacology. PMID 3. 51. 76. 18. Jaiswal AK, Nebert DW, Gonzalez FJ (Aug 1. Nucleic Acids Research. PMC 3. 11. 68. 5 . PMID 3. 75. 58. 23. Eugster HP, Probst M, W. Evidence from c. DNA- directed expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. PMID 8. 09. 52. 25. Schweikl H, Taylor JA, Kitareewan S, Linko P, Nagorney D, Goldstein JA (Oct 1. Pharmacogenetics. PMID 8. 28. 70. 62. Yamazaki H, Inoue K, Mimura M, Oda Y, Guengerich FP, Shimada T (Feb 1. Biochemical Pharmacology. PMID 8. 57. 31. 98. Hakkola J, Raunio H, Purkunen R, Pelkonen O, Saarikoski S, Cresteil T, Pasanen M (Jul 1. Biochemical Pharmacology. PMID 8. 69. 48. 64. Guengerich FP, Johnson WW (Dec 1. Biochemistry. 3. 6 (4. PMID 9. 39. 81. 94. Wacke R, Kirchner A, Prall F, Nizze H, Schmidt W, Fischer U, Nitschke FP, Adam U, Fritz P, Belloc C, Drewelow B (May 1. PMID 9. 59. 88. 15. European Journal of Cancer. PMID 9. 79. 77. 07. Huang JD, Guo WC, Lai MD, Guo YL, Lambert GH (Jan 1. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. PMID 9. 88. 43. 16. Tatemichi M, Nomura S, Ogura T, Sone H, Nagata H, Esumi H (Aug 1. Cancer Research. 5. PMID 1. 04. 63. 57. This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. PDB gallery. 2hi. Crystal Structure of Human Microsomal P4. A2 in complex with alpha- naphthoflavone.
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